ज्ञानगंगा, क्रांतीज्योती सावित्रीबाई फुले

भारतातील स्त्रिया आंतरराष्ट्रीय पातळीवर देशाला अभिमान वाटावा अशी कामगिरी पार पाडत आल्या आहेत. रसायनशास्त्राच्या औषधीविषयक, विश्लेषणात्मक व सेंद्रीय अशा तिन्ही शाखांमध्ये मोठे योगदान देणाऱ्या असीमा चॅटर्जी असोत किंवा लढाऊ विमान एकट्याने चालवणाऱ्या अवनी चतुर्वेदी असोत, आता असे एकही क्षेत्र उरलेले नाही जिथे महिलांनी आपल्या कामगिरीची छाप पाडलेली नाही. महिलांना यशस्वी होण्यासाठी आणि पंख पसरून उडण्यासाठी आभाळ खुले करून देणारी महत्त्वाची व्यक्ती म्हणजे माता सावित्रीबाई फुले. क्रांतीज्योती सावित्रीबाई फुले यांनी १ जानेवारी १८४८ रोजी पुण्यातील भिडे वाड्यात स्त्री शिक्षणाची मुहूर्तमेढ रोवली आणि भारतातील स्त्रियांच्या आयुष्यात शिक्षणाची ज्योत पेटवली.

माणूस हा जगातील एकमेव विचार करणारा प्राणी आहे. परंतु माणसाच्या बुद्धीला ज्ञानाची सांगड नसेल तर तो माणूस म्हणून ओळखला जाऊ शकतो का? असा प्रश्न सावित्रीबाई फुले आपल्या "त्यास मानव म्हणावे का?" या कवितेतून विचारतात. त्या म्हणतात:

ज्ञान नाही, विद्या नाही  

ते घेण्याची गोडी नाही  

बुद्धी असूनही चालत नाही  

त्यास मानव म्हणावे का?

या ओळींतून स्पष्ट होते की माणसाच्या सर्वांगीण विकासासाठी जर काही उपयोगी असेल, तर तो विद्या-धर्म आहे. विद्या देणारा आणि विद्या घेणारा यांच्या एकत्रिकरणातूनच एक चांगला माणूस घडतो. विद्या देणारा हा धैर्यशील असतो, तर विद्या घेणारा शक्तिशाली व शहाणा बनतो. हा विचार समाजाला पटवून देणाऱ्या माता सावित्रीबाई फुले यांचा जन्म शिक्षणाच्या अभावाच्या काळात ३ जानेवारी १८३१ रोजी महाराष्ट्रातील सातारा जिल्ह्यातील नायगाव येथे झाला. शिक्षणाच्या प्रकाशाचा अभाव असलेल्या त्या काळात सावित्रीबाईंनी भारतात स्त्री शिक्षणाचा पाया रचला. आपण बऱ्याचदा म्हणतो, "आम्ही सावित्रीच्या लेकी, सावित्रीची मुलं," परंतु खरोखरच आपण सावित्रीबाईंच्या विचारांवर चालतो का? आजच्या युवा पिढीतील प्रयत्नांची आणि संयमाची कमतरता पाहता असे वाटते की संघर्षाच्या भीतीने जर सावित्रीबाईंनी त्यांचे ध्येय अर्धवट सोडले असते, तर आज आपल्या घरात शिक्षणाची गंगा वाहिलीच नसती. त्या काळात मुलींचा जन्म नकोसा वाटत असताना सावित्रीबाईंनी प्रवाहाच्या विरुद्ध जाऊन स्त्रियांना सक्षम आणि स्वावलंबी बनवले. पण आजही काही लोक शिक्षणाप्रती असलेल्या बेजबाबदारपणामुळे आणि समाजातील समस्यांकडे दुर्लक्ष करत असल्यामुळे वाटते की सावित्रीबाईंच्या कष्टांची आणि त्यागाची आपल्याला खरोखर जाणीव आहे का?

तरीही, सावित्रीबाईंच्या विचारांचा वारसा पुढे नेणाऱ्या कमलादेवी चट्टोपाध्याय, मेधा पाटकर, चित्रा नाईक, शाहीन मिस्त्री यांसारख्या अनेक प्रेरणादायी व्यक्तींनी समाजातील दुष्ट रूढी-परंपरांना नाकारले आणि ज्ञानाचा मार्ग दाखवला. त्यांच्या प्रयत्नांमुळे भारतातील अनेकांना स्वतःची क्षमता सिद्ध करण्याची संधी मिळाली. त्यामुळेच द्रौपदी मुर्मू राष्ट्रपतीपदावर पोहोचल्या आणि गीता गोपीनाथ आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधीच्या (IMF) पहिल्या उपव्यवस्थापकीय संचालक झाल्या, तसेच मुख्य अर्थशास्त्रज्ञ म्हणूनही कार्यरत राहिल्या. सावित्रीबाईंच्या विचारांनीच आज मी माझे विचार लेखणीद्वारे मुक्तपणे मांडू शकते. त्यामुळे असं वाटतं:

सावित्रीचा घेऊनी वसा, गाठतो आम्ही उंच शिखरे  

दुष्ट परंपरेचा पिंजरा तोडूनी, मुक्त झाली पाखरे

ज्ञानगंगा, क्रांतीज्योती सावित्रीबाई फुले यांच्या जयंतीनिमित्त त्यांच्या कार्याला वंदन आणि शतकोटी प्रणाम!

- श्रुती शिंदे

Free Rider’s Problem and the Tragedy of Commons

Imagine, you are sitting on a train, getting a ticket worth Rs. 120. Beside you is a man sitting with the same level of comfort without paying a penny… how fair is it? Should we allow such things in the economy? If not, how can we stop it? How can we identify thousands of such passengers in the Mumbai local daily? How will you punish so many of them?  This isn’t the problem just with trains or buses but this is also the same with natural resources. We all hear about the environmental summits carried out at global levels, be it in COP or Paris Agreement or anything else, the once paying high are not the developed nations but the developing ones because they are supposed to grow by paying for the tickets of these developed countries to the environment for decades. They have been using all the resources for free and when it's our turn to use them, suddenly everything has a price tag now.  These free riders in the internal economy not only disregard the laws and discourage the ones paying for them but also increase the burden on the government. Now they need to take measures like tax increases on public goods to fill that gap and cure the losses. Again, it leads to the loss of the one who is paying for it twice. Isn’t it some sort of inequality towards the others?

These negative effects arising due to the shared resources lead to another economic dilemma, that is the ‘Tragedy of Commons’. When an individual acts for his self-interest which ultimately leads to depletion of public resources, it creates problems. Over-fishing is the most popular example used to show the tragedy of commons. In a selective area, the fish population cannot be increased at the same pace at which it is used. But for individual profits, the fishermen choose to continue fishing in the same area till it’s all vanished and the habitat is dead for the next few weeks as there won’t be any fish in the area. This not only causes discomfort to the occupation but also to the environment, the same is seen in terms of deforestation.

If we think about this problem with a selfless view, today if I have the option to travel without getting a ticket, why would I buy one? If I had the choice to earn more, why would I not? Here comes the answer! Farsightedness. I am thinking about it now. About my current benefits but I must also think about my future. If I am aware enough of its ill effects and future consequences, I might think once before traveling without a ticket. If I know that today’s extra piece of bread will keep me hungry tomorrow, I might not eat it now. 

Of course, these are just assumptions, but the individual incentives will eventually lead to the solution to such problems. No government scheme forcing you to pay extra tax is making you come out of this cycle. Thus, all we need today is a rational consumer!

-Aditi Bhavsar

How do Psychological and Economic Factors Influence Consumption and Affect Saving Habits?

Keynes's psychological law of consumption states that "the income increase into the economy definitely increases consumption, which is why consumption is a function of income, but the law also says that as income increases, consumption increases, but at a slower rate than income", It means our consumption is influenced by our income, but do you know that other things also influence our consumption?

As we know,  For driving economic growth,consumption is a fundamental aspect of human life. Consumption refers to the use or expenditure of goods and services by households, individuals, and organizations to satisfy their economic, social, and psychological needs and wants. But have you ever wondered why we consume the things we do? Consumption is based on need or is influenced by other factors like psychology, marketing, policy, etc.? Can consumption affect saving habits?

Let's explore the answers to such questions.

The most important factor behind consumption is psychological factors . Consumer's psychology prominently influences their consumption. Psychological factors such as addiction, habit, social norms, peer pressure, mood, emotions, social environment and self-esteem etc. For incidence, diamonds are not essential for life but to enhance self-image or to maintain social identity or status, consumers may purchase the product.  When we see a shopping mall, we do some shopping  it means our physical and social surroundings influence consumption. Social media is influencing our consumption patterns nowadays. Also positive or negative feelings towards the product or service. Framing effects means presentation of economic information (e.g., prices, discounts) can influence consumer perceptions. The economic aspect is a key factor in consumption. Limitation of resources or products can increase desire and perceived value. The price of a product affects the consumption of consumers; price changes affect consumer behavior, including substitution and demand elasticity; switching to an alternative due to a price change. Tactics is market strategy which significantly influences consumption is, Advertising- shapes perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs about products. Branding- creates emotional connections and loyalty. Visual marketing- uses images and videos to evoke emotions and attention. Customer reviews- leveraging social proof and credibility. Free Trial: offering a free trial or sample.

Companies are leveraging this psychology to increase consumption, using various tactics to encourage consumption such as scarcity tactics: create a sense of urgency by offering limited-time offers, exclusive deals, and countdown timers. Creates artificial needs and desires. Companies giving convenience to consumers by offering easy payment options, subscription services, and one-click purchases lead to an increase in consumption. An increase in consumption is significantly affecting saving habits. Reduction in savings rates, less money being saved due to impulse purchases and overspending. Unnecessary consumption focuses on immediate gratification and neglects the  long-term savings goals. Inadequate savings lead to reduced retirement funds and financial insecurity. Overspending and debt leads to financial stress, making it harder to save.

Combination of psychological and economic factors, consumption behavior is influenced  and  unnecessary consumption which affects saving habits. Prioritizing expenditure and avoiding unnecessary consumption leads to an increase in savings habits. Individuals, businesses, and society as a whole can make informed decisions by knowing the psychological and economic tactics behind consumption.

-Shruti Shinde